False Friends in Slavic Languages

• is a complete false friend in Belarusian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Kashubian, Russian, Serbian and Ukrainian.
• does not have all its Slovenian meanings in Czech, Lower Sorbian, Polish, Slovak and Upper Sorbian.
• has additional meanings in Polish.

• The Slovenian meaning ‘fortress’ is shared by Czech hrad, Polish gród, Slovak hrad, Lower Sorbian grod and Upper Sorbian hród.
• The Slovenian meaning ‘castle’ is unique.
• The meaning ‘town’ (not present in Slovenian ‘grad’, translated as ‘mesto’) is attested in Belarusian горад, Belarusian град, Bosnian grad, Bulgarian град, Croatian grad, Kashubian gard, Polish gród, Russian град, Russian город and Serbian град.
• The meaning ‘hail’ (not present in Slovenian ‘grad’, translated as ‘toča’) is attested in Belarusian горад, Belarusian град, Bosnian grad, Bulgarian град, Croatian grad, Kashubian grôd, Polish grad, Russian град, Serbian град, Lower Sorbian grad and Ukrainian град.
• The meaning ‘degree’ (not present in Slovenian ‘grad’) is attested in Lower Sorbian grad.

NB: No information yet for Macedonian.