False Friends in Slavic Languages
Croatian ‘grad’
The database knows following meanings of the Croatian word ‘grad’:
- town
- hail
Semasiological map for ‘*gorodъ < *gordъ’
The database has information related to this term for Belarusian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Czech, Kashubian, Polish, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovenian, Lower Sorbian, Upper Sorbian and Ukrainian.
Croatian ‘grad’:
- is a complete false friend in Czech, Lower Sorbian, Slovak, Slovenian and Upper Sorbian.
- is a true friend in Belarusian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Russian and Serbian.
- does not have all its Croatian meanings in Kashubian, Polish and Ukrainian.
- has additional meanings in Polish.
- The Croatian meaning ‘town’ is shared by Belarusian горад, Belarusian град, Bosnian grad, Bulgarian град, Kashubian gard, Polish gród, Russian град, Russian город and Serbian град.
- The Croatian meaning ‘hail’ is shared by Belarusian горад, Belarusian град, Bosnian grad, Bulgarian град, Kashubian grôd, Polish grad, Russian град, Serbian град, Lower Sorbian grad and Ukrainian град.
- The meaning ‘fortress’ (not present in Croatian ‘grad’, translated as ‘tvrđava, utvrđenje’) is attested in Czech hrad, Polish gród, Slovak hrad, Slovenian grad, Lower Sorbian grod and Upper Sorbian hród.
- The meaning ‘castle’ (not present in Croatian ‘grad’, translated as ‘dvorac’) is attested in Slovenian grad.
- The meaning ‘degree’ (not present in Croatian ‘grad’) is attested in Lower Sorbian grad.
NB: No information yet for Macedonian.
Croatian grad |
Meaning:
| Map Bibliography List Wikibook |
Belarusian град (Syn.: горад) | Meaning in Croatian:
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Croatian grad |
Meaning in Bosnian:
| Map Bibliography List Wikibook |
Bosnian grad | Meaning in Croatian:
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Croatian grad |
Meaning:
| Map Bibliography List Wikibook |
Bulgarian град | Meaning in Croatian:
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Croatian grad |
Meaning in Czech:
| Map Bibliography List Wikibook |
Czech hrad | Meaning in Croatian:
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Croatian grad |
Meaning:
| Map Bibliography List Wikibook |
Kashubian I. gard | Meaning:
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II. grôd | Meaning in Croatian:
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Croatian grad |
Meaning in Polish:
| Map Bibliography List Wikibook |
Polish I. grad | Meaning in Croatian:
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II. gród | Meaning in Croatian:
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Croatian grad |
Meaning in Russian:
| Map Bibliography List Wikibook |
Russian I. град | Meaning in Croatian:
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II. город | Meaning:
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Croatian grad |
Meaning in Serbian:
| Map Bibliography List Wikibook |
Serbian град | Meaning in Croatian:
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Croatian grad |
Meaning:
| Map Bibliography List Wikibook |
Slovak hrad | Meaning in Croatian:
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Croatian grad |
Meaning in Slovenian:
| Map Bibliography List Wikibook |
Slovenian grad | Meaning in Croatian:
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Croatian grad |
Meaning:
| Map Bibliography List Wikibook |
Lower Sorbian I. grad | Meaning in Croatian:
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II. grod | Meaning in Croatian:
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Croatian grad |
Meaning:
| Map Bibliography List Wikibook |
Upper Sorbian hród | Meaning in Croatian:
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Croatian grad |
Meaning:
| Map Bibliography List Wikibook |
Ukrainian град | Meaning in Croatian:
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Semasiological Map for *gorodъ < *gordъ
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() *gorodъ < *gordъ
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Meanings: ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() no information yet
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*gorodъ < *gordъ | |||||
fortress | town | hail | castle | degree | |
Russian град | + | + | |||
Russian город | + | ||||
Ukrainian град | + | ||||
Belarusian град | + | + | |||
Polish grad | + | ||||
Polish gród | + | + | |||
Kashubian gard | + | ||||
Kashubian grôd | + | ||||
Lower Sorbian grad | + | + | |||
Lower Sorbian grod | + | ||||
Upper Sorbian hród | + | ||||
Czech hrad | + | ||||
Slovak hrad | + | ||||
Slovenian grad | + | + | |||
Croatian grad | + | + | |||
Bosnian grad | + | + | |||
Serbian град | + | + | |||
Bulgarian град | + | + | |||
Meanings | fortress | town | hail | castle | degree |