False Friends in Slavic Languages

• is a complete false friend in Czech, Lower Sorbian, Slovak, Slovenian and Upper Sorbian.
• is a true friend in Belarusian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Russian and Serbian.
• does not have all its Croatian meanings in Kashubian, Polish and Ukrainian.
• has additional meanings in Polish.

• The Croatian meaning ‘town’ is shared by Belarusian горад, Belarusian град, Bosnian grad, Bulgarian град, Kashubian gard, Polish gród, Russian град, Russian город and Serbian град.
• The Croatian meaning ‘hail’ is shared by Belarusian горад, Belarusian град, Bosnian grad, Bulgarian град, Kashubian grôd, Polish grad, Russian град, Serbian град, Lower Sorbian grad and Ukrainian град.
• The meaning ‘fortress’ (not present in Croatian ‘grad’, translated as ‘tvrđava, utvrđenje’) is attested in Czech hrad, Polish gród, Slovak hrad, Slovenian grad, Lower Sorbian grod and Upper Sorbian hród.
• The meaning ‘castle’ (not present in Croatian ‘grad’, translated as ‘dvorac’) is attested in Slovenian grad.
• The meaning ‘degree’ (not present in Croatian ‘grad’) is attested in Lower Sorbian grad.

NB: No information yet for Macedonian.