False Friends in Slavic Languages

• is a complete false friend in Czech, Lower Sorbian, Slovak, Slovenian and Upper Sorbian.
• is a true friend in Kashubian and Ukrainian.
• has additional meanings in Belarusian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Russian and Serbian.

• The Polish meaning ‘hail’ is shared by Belarusian горад, Belarusian град, Bosnian grad, Bulgarian град, Croatian grad, Kashubian grôd, Russian град, Serbian град, Lower Sorbian grad and Ukrainian град.
• The meaning ‘fortress’ (not present in Polish ‘grad’, translated as ‘twierdza, forteca’) is attested in Czech hrad, Polish gród, Slovak hrad, Slovenian grad, Lower Sorbian grod and Upper Sorbian hród.
• The meaning ‘town’ (not present in Polish ‘grad’, translated as ‘miasto’) is attested in Belarusian горад, Belarusian град, Bosnian grad, Bulgarian град, Croatian grad, Kashubian gard, Polish gród, Russian град, Russian город and Serbian град.
• The meaning ‘castle’ (not present in Polish ‘grad’) is attested in Slovenian grad.
• The meaning ‘degree’ (not present in Polish ‘grad’) is attested in Lower Sorbian grad.

NB: No information yet for Macedonian.